漫画の登場人物は「白人」か？ | オピニオン | 英語のニュース | The Japan Times ST オンライン

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I answer: "Why do you think they are White?" "Because of the round eyes," or the "blonde hair," is the common <A HREF="#2">response</A>. When I then ask if the questioner actually knows anyone who looks anything like these <A HREF="#3">cartoons</A>, the response may be, "Well, they look more <A HREF="#4">Caucasian</A> than Asian." Considering the <A HREF="#5">wide range of variation</A> in Caucasian and Asian <A HREF="#6">features</A>, and the fact that these <A HREF="#7">highly stylized</A> <A HREF="#9">drawings</A> <A HREF="#10">fall nowhere within that range</A>, it seems odd to <A HREF="#11">claim</A> that such cartoons <A HREF="#12">look "more like" one people than another</A>.<P> <A HREF="#13">Linguists</A> have <A HREF="#14">a useful pair of terms</A> - <A HREF="#15">"marked"</A> and "unmarked" - <A HREF="#17">for talking about one of the ways people categorize ideas</A>. An "unmarked" category is one that <A HREF="#18">is taken for granted</A>, that is so <A HREF="#19">obvious</A> to both speaker and listener it needs no <A HREF="#20">marking</A>. A "marked" category, on the other hand, is one that is seen as <A HREF="#21">deviating from the norm</A>, and therefore requires marking. For example, in English, the word "man" (which can mean "<A HREF="#22">humankind</A>") is unmarked, while "woman" (which comes from "wife-man") is marked as a <A HREF="#23">subcategory</A> of "man." In the case of cartooning, of course, we are dealing with drawings rather than words, but the concept of "marked" <A HREF="#24">applies</A> here too. In the case of the European<A HREF="#25">-dominated</A> world, the unmarked category in drawings would be the face of the European. The "White" face is the <A HREF="#26">default</A> face. Draw a circle, add two <A HREF="#27">dots</A> for eyes and a line for a mouth, and you have, in the European <A HREF="#28">sphere</A>, a male European face. Add <A HREF="#29">eyelashes</A> and it becomes female! Non-Europeans, however, must be marked with characteristics such as "<A HREF="#30">slanted eyes</A>" or <A HREF="#31">shaded</A> skin. Even non-Europeans living in a European-dominated society unconsciously <A HREF="#32">absorb</A> and <A HREF="#33">adhere to</A> these standards.<P> Japan, however, is not and never has been a European-dominated society, and the Japanese do not need to include <A HREF="#34">stereotyped</A> <A HREF="#35">racial markers</A> such as slanted eyes or straight, black hair. In Japan, a circle with two dots for eyes and a line for a mouth is Japanese.<P> It should <A HREF="#36">come as no surprise</A>, then, that Japanese readers should have no trouble accepting the stylized characters in manga, with their small <A HREF="#37">jaws</A>, <A HREF="#38">all but nonexistent</A> noses, and <A HREF="#39">famously enormous</A> eyes, as "Japanese." Unless the characters are clearly identified as foreign, Japanese readers see them as Japanese, and most would be surprised to learn that so many foreigners react differently.<P> Foreigners often seem to <A HREF="#40">view</A> manga drawing styles <A HREF="#40">as</A> an <A HREF="#41">indication</A> that the Japanese have an <A HREF="#42">inferiority complex</A> towards the West and <A HREF="#43">long to be</A> "White." I <A HREF="#44">disagree</A>. Japanese may feel <A HREF="#45">ambivalence</A> about the West, as well as about their own "<A HREF="#46">Asianness</A>," but they also often display a strong <A HREF="#47">streak</A> of nationalism. As difficult as it may be for non-Japanese to accept, I think the <A HREF="#48">perception</A> of manga by foreigners usually tells us more about the <A HREF="#49">prejudices</A> of those foreigners than it does about those of the Japanese people who create and enjoy manga. </FONT> <P> <B>Shukan ST: Aug. 13, 2004</B><br /> <FONT SIZE=1>(C) All rights reserved</p><br /> <br /> <p> <DL> <DT><A NAME="0"><B>characters</B></A><DD>登場人物<P> <DT><A NAME="1"><B>White</B></A><DD>白人<P> <DT><A NAME="2"><B>response</B></A><DD>回答<P> <DT><A NAME="3"><B>cartoons</B></A><DD>漫画<P> <DT><A NAME="4"><B>Caucasian </B></A><DD>白人の<P> <DT><A NAME="5"><B>wide range of variation</B></A><DD>かなりの幅の変化があること<P> <DT><A NAME="6"><B>features</B></A><DD>目鼻立ち<P> <DT><A NAME="7"><B>highly stylized</B></A><DD>極めて様式化された<P> <DT><A NAME="9"><B>drawings</B></A><DD>絵<P> <DT><A NAME="10"><B>fall nowhere within that range</B></A><DD>そのうちどこにも当てはまらない<P> <DT><A NAME="11"><B>claim</B></A><DD>主張する<P> <DT><A NAME="12"><B>look "more like" one people than another</B></A><DD>ある民族より別の民族にもっと似ている<P> <DT><A NAME="13"><B>Linguists</B></A><DD>言語学者<P> <DT><A NAME="14"><B>a useful pair of terms</B></A><DD>一対の便利な言葉<P> <DT><A NAME="15"><B>"marked"</B></A><DD>「有標の」。unmarked（無標の）が「一般的、他方の基準となる」を意味するのに対して、「特殊な、複雑な、他方に依存する」ことを意味する言語学上の術語。<P> <DT><A NAME="17"><B>for talking about one of the ways people categorize ideas</B></A><DD>概念を分類するやり方の一つを論じるときに使う<P> <DT><A NAME="18"><B>is taken for granted</B></A><DD>当たり前とされる<P> <DT><A NAME="19"><B>obvious</B></A><DD>明白な<P> <DT><A NAME="20"><B>marking</B></A><DD>特徴付け<P> <DT><A NAME="21"><B>deviating from the norm</B></A><DD>基準から外れている<P> <DT><A NAME="22"><B>humankind</B></A><DD>人類<P> <DT><A NAME="23"><B>subcategory</B></A><DD>下位範ちゅう<P> <DT><A NAME="24"><B>applies</B></A><DD>当てはまる<P> <DT><A NAME="25"><B>～ -dominated</B></A><DD>～が支配的な<P> <DT><A NAME="26"><B>default</B></A><DD>標準の<P> <DT><A NAME="27"><B>dots</B></A><DD>点<P> <DT><A NAME="28"><B>sphere</B></A><DD>圏<P> <DT><A NAME="29"><B>eyelashes</B></A><DD>まつ毛<P> <DT><A NAME="30"><B>slanted eyes</B></A><DD>つり目<P> <DT><A NAME="31"><B>shaded</B></A><DD>有色の<P> <DT><A NAME="32"><B>absorb</B></A><DD>理解する<P> <DT><A NAME="33"><B>adhere to ～</B></A><DD>～に忠実だ<P> <DT><A NAME="34"><B>stereotyped</B></A><DD>固定観念にとらわれた<P> <DT><A NAME="35"><B>racial makers</B></A><DD>人種的な特徴<P> <DT><A NAME="36"><B>come as no surprise</B></A><DD>驚くには当たらない<P> <DT><A NAME="37"><B>jaws</B></A><DD>あご<P> <DT><A NAME="38"><B>all but nonexistent ～</B></A><DD>ないも同様の～<P> <DT><A NAME="39"><B>famously enormous ～</B></A><DD>すごく大きいことで知られる～<P> <DT><A NAME="40"><B>view ～ as ～</B></A><DD>～を～と見なす<P> <DT><A NAME="41"><B>indication</B></A><DD>示すもの<P> <DT><A NAME="42"><B>inferiority complex</B></A><DD>劣等感<P> <DT><A NAME="43"><B>long to be ～</B></A><DD>～になりたいとあこがれる<P> <DT><A NAME="44"><B>disagree</B></A><DD>反対する<P> <DT><A NAME="45"><B>ambivalence</B></A><DD>相反する感情<P> <DT><A NAME="46"><B>Asianness</B></A><DD>アジアなるもの<P> <DT><A NAME="47"><B>streak</B></A><DD>傾向<P> <DT><A NAME="48"><B>perception</B></A><DD>とらえ方<P> <DT><A NAME="49"><B>prejudices</B></A><DD>偏見<P> <P><br /> <P><br /><P><br /> <P><br /><P><br /><P><br /> <P><br /><P><br /><P><br /><P><br /> <P><br /><P><br /><P><br /><P><br /><P> <br /><P><br /><P><br /><P><br /><P><br /><P> <br /><P><br /><P><br /><P><br /><P><br /><P><br /><P> </DL> </p> <br /> <hr size="1" noshade /> <ul> <li><a href="/st_contributors.htm">執筆者リスト</a></li> <li><a href="/st_contributors.htm">ＳＴについて</a></li> <li><a href="/st_faq.htm">よくある質問</a></li> <li><a href="/st_advertise.htm">広告掲載</a></li> <li><a href="/st_contactus.htm">お問い合わせ</a></li> <li><a href="/st_our_company.htm">会社概要</a></li> <li><a href="/st_privacypolicy.htm">プライバシーポリシー</a></li> <li><a href="/st_linkpolicy.htm">リンクポリシー</a></li> <li><a href="/st_copyright.htm">著作権</a></li> <li><a href="/st_sitemap.htm">サイトマップ</a></li> <br /> <li><a href="/"><i>トップページに戻る</i></a></li> </ul>